Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni
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Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni | |||||
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東久邇宮稔彦王 | |||||
 Formal portrait, c. 1936 | |||||
| Prime Minister of Japan | |||||
| In office 17 August 1945 – 9 October 1945 | |||||
| Monarch | Hirohito | ||||
| Preceded by | Kantarō Suzuki | ||||
| Succeeded by | Kijūrō Shidehara | ||||
| Personal details | |||||
| Born | 3 December 1887 Kyoto City, Empire of Japan | ||||
| Died | 20 January 1990 (aged 102) Tokyo Metropolis, Japan | ||||
| Political party | Independent | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Children | Morihiro Higashikuni Moromasa Higashikuni Akitsune Higashikuni Toshihiko Higashikuni | ||||
| Parents |
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| Alma mater | Imperial Japanese Army Academy Army War College | ||||
| Occupation | Imperial Prince General | ||||
| Awards | Order of the Chrysanthemum Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Order of the Golden Kite | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
| Military service | |||||
| Allegiance |  Empire of Japan | ||||
| Branch/service |  Imperial Japanese Army | ||||
| Years of service | 1908–1945 | ||||
| Rank | General  | ||||
| Commands | IJA 4th Division, Imperial Japanese Army Air Service, IJA 2nd Army, General Defense Command | ||||
| Battles/wars | |||||
| Prince Higashikuni | |||||
| Tenure | 3 November 1906 – 14 October 1947 | ||||
| Successor | Title abolished | ||||
| Head of the House of Higashikuni | |||||
| Tenure | 3 November 1906 – 20 January 1990 | ||||
| Successor | Nobuhiko Higashikuni | ||||
| Japanese name | |||||
| Kanji | 東久邇宮稔彦王 | ||||
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Naruhiko, Prince Higashikuni (東久邇宮稔彦王, Higashikuni-no-miya Naruhiko Ō, 3 December 1887 – 20 January 1990) was a member of the Japanese imperial family and general of the army who served as prime minister of Japan from 17 August to 9 October 1945. He is the only member of the Japanese imperial family to head a cabinet, and Japan's shortest-serving prime minister, serving for only 54 days.
Born in Kyoto, Prince Higashikuni was a son of Prince Kuni Asahiko and married Toshiko, Princess Yasu, a daughter of Emperor Meiji, thus making him an uncle-in-law of Emperor Hirohito. He graduated from the Army Academy and War College, and studied military tactics in France from 1920 to 1926. Upon his return to Japan, he was promoted to general in 1930 and held several military posts, including as commander of the General Defense Command from 1941 to 1944. Prince Higashikuni's appointment as prime minister following the war reflected a hope that his prestige as an imperial prince would help to unite the defeated country. He presided over the signing of the surrender on 2 September 1945 and the disbandment of the armed forces before resigning in opposition to an order by the Allied occupation authorities to abolish the Peace Preservation Law. He became a commoner after the abolition of the princely houses in 1947, and later formed a Buddhist sect. He is the longest-lived of Japan's premiers, dying in 1990 at the age of 102.
Early life
[edit]Prince Naruhiko was born on 3 December 1887 in Kyoto, the ninth son of Prince Kuni Asahiko (Kuni no miya Asahiko Shinnō) and the court lady Terao Utako. His father, Prince Asahiko, was a son of Prince Fushimi Kuniie (Fushimi no miya Kuniie Shinnō), the twentieth head of the Fushimi-no-miya, the oldest of the sesshu shinnōke or cadet branches of the imperial dynasty from whom an emperor might be chosen in default of a direct heir. Prince Naruhiko was a half-brother of Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi, the father of the future Empress Kōjun, the wife of Emperor Shōwa. His other half-brothers, Prince Asaka Yasuhiko, Prince Nashimoto Morimasa, and Prince Kaya Kuninori, all formed new branches of the imperial family (ōke) during the Meiji period.
Marriage and family
[edit]Emperor Meiji granted Prince Naruhiko the title Higashikuni-no-miya and permission to start a new branch of the imperial family on 3 November 1906. Prince Naruhiko married the ninth daughter of Emperor Meiji, Toshiko, Princess Yasu (11 May 1896 – 5 March 1978), on 18 May 1915. The couple had four sons.
- Prince Higashikuni Morihiro (盛厚王, Morohiro ō, 6 May 1916 – 1 February 1969); married Shigeko, Princess Teru, the eldest daughter of Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun.
- Prince Moromasa (師正王, Moromasa ō, 3 November 1918 – 1 September 1923); died in the Great Kantō earthquake.
- Prince Akitsune (彰常王, Akitsune ō, 13 May 1920 – 30 August 2006); renounced imperial title and created Marquis Awata Akitsune, 1940
- Prince Toshihiko (俊彦王, Toshihiko ō, March 24, 1929 – April 15, 2015); renounced imperial title and created Count Tarama Toshihiko, 1943; relocated to Lins, São Paulo, Brazil, 1950.
Military career
[edit]Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko was a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Army. In 1908, he graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy as a second lieutenant, was promoted to lieutenant in 1910 and to captain in 1913. In 1914, he graduated from the Army War College. He was commissioned a captain in the 29th Infantry Brigade, and promoted to major in the IJA 7th Division in 1915.
Prince Higashikuni then studied military tactics at the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr and École Polytechnique in Paris France, from 1920 to 1926, during which time he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1920 and to colonel in 1926. Always somewhat of a rebel, Prince Higashikuni's behavior in Paris scandalized the Imperial Court. He had a French mistress, enjoyed fast cars and high living. He left his wife and children in Japan, and the death of his second son did not prompt his return. In 1926, the Imperial Household Ministry dispatched a chamberlain to Paris to collect him.
Upon his return to Japan, he was assigned to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Headquarters. Promoted to major-general in August 1930 and appointed commander of the 5th Infantry Brigade (1930–1934), he was promoted to lieutenant-general in August 1934 and given command of the IJA 4th Division (1934–1937). After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, he headed the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (1937–1938), and the IJA 2nd Army stationed in China from 1938–1939. He was promoted to general in August 1939.
According to a memo discovered by historian Yoshiaki Yoshimi, Prince Higashikuni authorized the use of poison gas against the Chinese on 16 August 1938.[1] Prince Higashikuni encouraged and enabled human experiments, providing advice, money, men and equipment. He personally witnessed human experiments conducted by the military physicians during his tours in Manchukuo.[2]
On 13 May 1939 the Imperial General Headquarters authorized the use of poison gas to Japanese Northern China Area Army (大陸指第四百五十二号). Only riot control agents were used till then. Prince Higashikuni moved to the post at home dated 4 January 1939. Promoted to full general, The prince was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 1st Class in 1940. [citation needed]
Before Japan entered the Second World War, on 15 October 1941, outgoing Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe proposed Prince Higashikuni to Emperor Shōwa as his successor for prime minister.[3] Konoe believed that only a member of the Imperial Family with a distinguished military background could restrain the pro-war faction led by Generals Hajime Sugiyama, Hideki Tōjō, and Akira Mutō. Prince Higashikuni was also the choice of both Chief of Staffs of the Army and the Navy.
However, both Emperor Shōwa and the Lord Privy Seal, Kido Kōichi, believed that it would be inappropriate for a member of the Imperial Family to serve in that position, as he could be blamed for anything which went wrong in the war. Thus, two days later, the Emperor chose army minister General Hideki Tōjō as prime minister. In 1946, he explained this decision: "I actually thought Prince Higashikuni suitable as Chief of Staff of the Army; but I think the appointment of a member of the Imperial house to a political office must be considered very carefully. Above all, in time of peace this is fine, but when there is a fear that there may even be a war, then more importantly, considering the welfare of the imperial house, I wonder about the wisdom of a member of the Imperial family serving [as prime minister]."[4]
Six weeks later, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. During the early stages of the Pacific War, Prince Higashikuni served as commander of the General Defense Command from 1941 to 1944.
Prince Higashikuni remained steadfast in his opposition to the war with the Allied powers, and was part of the conspiracy (with Prince Yasuhiko Asaka, Prince Nobuhito Takamatsu, and former prime minister Konoe) which finally ousted Tōjō in July 1944 following the fall of Saipan to American forces. The American researchers with SCAP also found out that he had planned towards the end of the war to depose Emperor Shōwa, placing the Crown Prince Akihito on the throne instead, governing the country with himself as regent.[5]
Prime Minister
[edit]
After the course of the war turned against Japan, and the decision was made to accept the Potsdam Declaration, the Emperor Shōwa appointed Prince Higashikuni to the prime minister on 17 August 1945, replacing navy Admiral Kantarō Suzuki. The mission of the Higashikuni Cabinet was twofold: first, to ensure the orderly cessation of hostilities and demobilization of the Japanese armed forces; and second, to reassure the Japanese people that the imperial institution remained secure. Prince Higashikuni resigned in October over a dispute with the Allied occupation forces over the repeal of the 1925 Peace Preservation Law. This law was largely intended to prevent the spread of Communism to Japan.
Post-premiership
[edit]On 27 February 1946, Prince Higashikuni gave an interview to the Yomiuri-Hōchi newspaper in which he claimed that many members of the imperial family had approved Emperor Shōwa's abdication, with Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu serving as regent until Crown Prince Akihito came of age.[6] In the government, only Prime Minister Kijūrō Shidehara and the Imperial Household Minister Yoshitami Matsudaira opposed this. On 4 March 1946, Higashikuni gave a similar interview to the Associated Press (reported in The New York Times) indicating that he had proposed to the Emperor possible dates for abdication.[7]
In 1946, Prince Higashikuni asked the emperor for permission to renounce his membership in the Imperial Family and become a commoner. The emperor denied the request. However, along with other members of the Imperial branch families (shinnōke and ōke), Prince Higashikuni lost his title and most of his wealth as a result of the American occupation’s abolition of the princely houses on 17 October 1947.
As a private citizen, Higashikuni operated several unsuccessful retail enterprises (including a provisions store, second-hand goods store, and dressmaker's shop). He even created his own new Zen Buddhism-based religious sect, the Higashikuni-kyo, which was subsequently banned by the American occupation authorities.
The former prince became the honorary chairman of the International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF) in 1957, and honorary president of several other organizations.
In 1958, Higashikuni published his wartime journals under the title, Ichi Kozoku no Senso Nikki (or The War Diary of a Member of the Imperial Family). He published his autobiographical memoirs, Higashikuni Nikki, in 1968.
Death and legacy
[edit]Higashikuni died of heart failure in Tokyo on 20 January 1990 at the age of 102 years, 48 days, having outlived his wife, two of his sons, his siblings, and his nephew, Emperor Shōwa. Higashikuni is today mainly remembered as first postwar prime minister of Japan. He is the shortest-serving prime minister, resigning after eight weeks (54 days) and one of the longest-lived prime ministers of all time, along with Antoine Pinay, Willem Drees and Christopher Hornsrud, and at his death was the last surviving full general of the Imperial Japanese Army. From 14 May 1988, when former Netherlands Prime Minister Willem Drees died, until his own death, Higashikuni was the world's oldest living former head of government.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). "Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine". Sino-Japanese Studies 4 (1), p.7.
- ^ Large, Stephen (1995). Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan, A Political Biography. Routledge. pp. 67–68, 134, 117–119, 144–145. ISBN 9781-138009110.
- ^ Peter Wetzler, Hirohito and War, 1998, p.41
- ^ Wetzler, ibid., p.44, Terasaki Hidenari, Shōwa tennō dokuhakuroku, 1991, p.118
- ^ vgl. Records of the Army Staff: The Investigative Records Repository (IRR) released under the Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Act of 2000
- ^ Bix, Herbert P. (1995). "Inventing the "Symbol Monarchy" in Japan, 1945-52". Journal of Japanese Studies. 21 (2): 338. doi:10.2307/133011. JSTOR 133011 – via JSTOR.
- ^ "PRINCE SUGGESTED THAT HIROHITO QUIT; Higashi-Kuni Says He Gave Emperor Three Suitable Times for Abdication Considered Abdication; Admiral Ueda Released". New York Times. March 4, 1946. p. 6.
Gallery
[edit]
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HIH Prince Naruhiko -
HIH Prince Naruhiko in France -
HIH Princess Toshiko, Emperor Meiji's daughter (wife) -
HIH Prince Morihiro (son and heir) -
HIH Princess Shigeko, Emperor Shōwa's daughter (daughter-in-law)
References
[edit]- Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. W. W. Norton & Company (2000). ISBN 0-393-32027-8
- Frank, Richard B. Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. Penguin (Non-Classics); Reissue edition (2001). ISBN 0-14-100146-1
- Manchester, William. American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964. Little, Brown and Company (1978). ISBN 0-316-54498-1
- Spector, Ronald. Eagle Against the Sun: The American War With Japan. Vintage; Vintage edition (1985). ISBN 0-394-74101-3
- Toland, John. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945. Modern Library; Reprint edition (2003). ISBN 0-8129-6858-1
| Empire of Japan (1868–1947) |
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| State of Japan (1947–present) |
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- 1887 births
- 1990 deaths
- 20th-century prime ministers of Japan
- Nobility from Kyoto
- Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II
- Japanese princes
- Higashikuni-no-miya
- Japanese men centenarians
- Ministers of the Imperial Japanese Army
- Members of the House of Peers (Japan)
- Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite
- Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers
- École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
- Japanese human subject research
- Japanese war criminals